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Mengenal HOAX dan Implikasi Pelakunya Terhadap UU ITE

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Oleh : Julhan Sifadi, Sekjen Jurnalis Online Indonesia (JOIN).

Pernakah mendengar kata diagnosis? Kata ini sukses dipopulerkan oleh dunia medis, walaupun ilmu pengetahuan, teknik, atau bisnis juga kerap memakai kata ini.

Menurut Thorndike dan Hagen dalam Suherman (2011), diagnosis dapat diartikan sebagai pertama, yaitu upaya atau proses menemukan kelemahan atau penyakit apa yang dialami seseorang dengan melalui pengujian dan studi yang seksama mengenai gejala-gejalanya.

Kedua, studi yang seksama terhadap fakta tentang suatu hal untuk menemukan karakteristik atau kesalahan-kesalahan dan sebagainya yang esensial.

Ketiga, yaitu keputusan yang dicapai setelah dilakukan suatu studi yang seksama atas gejala-gejala atau fakta tentang suatu hal.

Dari tiga defenisi tersebut, secara umum diagnosis dapat diartikan sebagai identifikasi mengenai sesuatu.

Di dunia medis, diagnosis merupakan tahapan wajib yang dilakukan dokter kepada pasien sebelum melakukan tindakan medis. Pada tahapan itulah akan diketahui jenis penyakit yang dialami pasien agar tepat dalam pengobatan atau pencegahan.

Lalu apa hubungannya dengan Hoax yang marak disuarakan saat ini? Karena Hoax ibarat penyakit yang butuh diagnosis. Butuh dikenali sebelum dicegah atau diberantas. Karena mustahil mencegah dan memberantas Hoax tanpa mengenalnya.

Hoax ibarat virus yang masuk dari berbagai arah dengan daya sesat dan daya rusak yang luar biasa. Bahaya Hoax makin masif seiring dengan jumlah pengguna media sosial, internet, smartphone yang terus tumbuh.

Setiap pengguna internet, wajib mengenal Hoax. Terlebih kini pemerintah telah mengeluarkan Undang-Undangnya tersendiri yang bisa berujung pidana bagi para penyebar Hoax.

Lantas? Apakah Hoax itu?

Menurut Robert Nares, kata Hoax muncul sejak abad 18 yang merupakan kata lain dari “hocus” yakni permainan sulap.

Menurut Lynda Walsh dalam buku “Sins Against Science”, Hoax merupakan sebuah istilah bahasa Inggris yang masuk sejak era industri sekira pada 1808.

Kata “hoax” berasal dari kata “hocus” dari mantra “hocus pocus”. Kata ini diyakini telah ada sejak ratusan tahun lalu.

Dalam “Museum of Hoaxes”, Alexander Boese mencatat hoax pertama yang dipublikasikan adalah almanak (penanggalan) palsu yang dibuat oleh Isaac Bickerstaff alias Jonathan Swift pada 1709.

Kala itu ia meramalkan kematian astrolog John Partridge. Agar meyakinkan, ia bahkan membuat obituari palsu tentang Partridge pada hari yang diramal sebagai hari kematiannya.

Swift mengarang informasi tersebut untuk mempermalukan Partridge di mata umum. Partridge pun berhenti membuat almanak astrologi hingga enam tahun setelah hoax beredar.

Namun demikian, banyak pula situs yang menyebutkan bahwa kata Hoax pertama kali digunakan oleh para netizen berkebangsaan Amerika. Hal ini mengacu pada sebuah judul film “The Hoax” pada tahun 2006 yang disutradarai oleh Lasse Hallstrom.

Film ini dinilai mengandung banyak kebohongan, sejak saat itu istilah ”hoax” muncul setiap kali ada sebuah pemberitaan palsu.

Dalam bahasa Inggris, Hoax dibaca Hoks artinya berita palsu. Sebutan lainnya dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah kabar burung.

Sebuah pertanyaan menarik dari kata Hoax ini setelah lahirnya UU ITE yaitu apakah setiap berita bohong dapat dikategorikan Hoax? Termasuk berbohong sedang makan direstoran padahal makan singkong rebus di rumah???

Mengapa menarik? Karena setiap pelaku penyebar hoax bisa terancam Pasal 28 ayat 1 Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik atau Undang-Undang ITE. Di dalam pasal itu disebutkan, “Setiap orang yang dengan sengaja dan atau tanpa hak menyebarkan berita bohong dan menyesatkan yang mengakibatkan kerugian konsumen dalam transaksi elektronik” ancamannya bisa terkena pidana maksimal enam tahun dan denda maksimal Rp 1 miliar.”

Pada UU No. 11 Tahun 2008 tersebut tidak menjelaskan secara spesifik apa yang dimaksud dengan “berita bohong dan menyesatkan”.

Jika UU ITE hanya menggunakan kata “berita bohong” sejatinya pelakunya sudah bisa dipidana megacu pasal 390 UU Humum Pidana (KUHP) tanpa UU ITE. Tetapi istimewanya UU ITE ini adalah mencantumkan frasa yang berbeda yakni “menyebarkan berita bohong” dan kata “menyesatkan”. Dalam frasa “menyebarkan berita bohong” yang diatur adalah perbuatannya, sedangkan dalam kata “menyesatkan” yang diatur adalah akibatnya.

Jika ditarik per frasa dan kata, maka yang dapat dipidana sesuai UU ITE yaitu harus memenuhi empat unsur. Yaitu setiap orang, dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak, menyebarkan berita bohong dan menyesatkan, dan yang mengakibatkan kerugian konsumen dalam transaksi elektronik.

Unsur yang terakhir ini mensyaratkan berita bohong dan menyesatkan tersebut harus mengakibatkan suatu kerugian konsumen. Artinya, tidak dapat dilakukan pemidanaan, apabila tidak terjadi kerugian konsumen di dalam transaksi elektronik.

Bagaimana mencegah berita Hoax?

Pertama, berhati-hatilah dengan judul provokatif karena berita hoax seringkali menggunakan judul sensasional yang provokatif, misalnya dengan langsung menudingkan jari ke pihak tertentu. Isinya pun bisa diambil dari berita media resmi, hanya saja diubah-ubah agar menimbulkan persepsi sesuai yang dikehendaki sang pembuat hoax.

Jika menjumpai berita dengan judul provokatif, carilah referensi berupa berita serupa dari situs online resmi, kemudian bandingkan isinya, apakah sama atau berbeda.

Kedua, cermati alamat situs, jika beritanya memuat URL situs dimaksud.

Ketiga, periksa fakta, perhatikan dari mana berita berasal dan siapa sumbernya? Apakah dari institusi resmi? Lalu perhatikan keberimbangan sumber berita. Jika hanya ada satu sumber, pembaca tidak bisa mendapatkan gambaran yang utuh. Amati pula perbedaan antara berita yang dibuat berdasarkan fakta dan opini. Fakta adalah peristiwa yang terjadi dengan kesaksian dan bukti, sementara opini adalah pendapat dan kesan dari penulis berita sehingga memiliki kecenderungan untuk bersifat subyektif.

Mari jadilah pembaca dan pengguna teknologi yang cerdas.

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  403. It’s totally free to become a GGPoker player. Open the app and select the red ‘Sign-up’ button. Complete the form, making sure to enter a valid email address or mobile number. Select ‘Sign up’; you will then be prompted to provide some additional registration details. In fact, the multimedia content of the game runs of the best simulation in such a way that you will have a chance to deal with this tool with ease. It is a free application whose download and installation is simple and straightforward. You have a chance to get all the alert notifications when it comes to playing this game such that every detrimental move will make you have a notification to ensure continuity of the game. A free PC games program for Windows Poker Offline – Free Texas Holdem Poker Games is on the top of the list of Card category apps on Google Playstore. It has got really good rating points and reviews. Currently, Poker Offline – Free Texas Holdem Poker Games for Windows has got over 1,000,000+ Game installations and 4.1 star average user aggregate rating points.
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  411. Tank games allow you to jump into the cockpit of a gigantic war machine and explore a myriad of different war-torn locations. You will have to drive these beasts and also control their weapons – destroy your enemies with impunity and conquer the battlefield! Privacy PolicyCookie SettingsReport Ad If you promise to stop (by clicking the Agree button below), we’ll unblock your connection for now, but we will immediately re-block it if we detect additional bad behavior. Why not try out one of the above tank games or see what other games we have available? We promise you will be dishing out destruction in mere seconds! In Tanky Tanks you can battle it alone, with a friend in co-op, or against three others in Vs mode. Cooperative plays exactly the same as that of the single player, except you’re fighting the enemy tanks alongside a friend. Vs mode meanwhile allows up to four players to battle it out in a race to be the first to reach ten points.
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  436. Trust Wallet is a mobile cryptocurrency wallet that is widely used to store Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum-based tokens. The wallet is known for its user-friendly interface, robust security features, and compatibility with decentralized applications (dApps), non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and various digital assets. Now, copy the “Signed Transaction” text. You can then take this transaction to a different computer connected to the internet, or just use the same computer and turn the internet on, but the point is to remove your keystore before executing the transaction. This decouples your keystore (your actual wallet) from the internet, increasing your wallet’s safety. Once you’ve installed the Ethereum and Moonbeam Ledger apps, you can connect it to MetaMask following this tutorial. After doing so, you’ll have your Moonbeam (Ethereum) address displayed at the top of the extension window. Clicking on it will copy its value to the clipboard.
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  463. Aviator pays out real prizes, so long as you are betting with cash. If you play using the demo version, the prizes are not real. Remember, the longer the plane flies, the larger the plane’s coefficient and the bet multiplier gets. When you reach the x1.5 multiplier, you cash out the larger bet and get $30. This will cover the bet amount and bring you to zero if the second bet suddenly loses. If you reach x5 with the second bet, your income will be $80, and your net profit will be $50. The Aviator slot, or a crash game, if to be more specific, has quite rich functionality so that players can get involved to the maximum and regulate different options and settings of the game, including auto cashout and live bet statistics. Let’s examine all the options of the Aviator crash game! Take your Aviator game winnings to new heights with our complete guide to this thrilling Aviator betting game!
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  584. 1. Access the Limit feature: In the Uniswap interface, navigate to the swap page and select the “Limits” tab. A limit order is often advised for highly volatile securities. It gives investors greater control over dictating the price at which their order will close without fear of paying or selling at a price they don’t feel comfortable with because they don’t know the price they’ll pay at the market for securities that may leap or fall in price. A stop limit order, on the other hand, is not instantly converted into a market order when an asset reaches the stop price. Instead, stop limit orders are converted into limit orders when the stop price is reached, which means the order won’t be executed until it can be filled at or better than the limit price you specify.  Every beginner with limited trading experience has various options to buy and sell cryptocurrencies. Usually, all newcomers are familiar with market orders that are used by default on most DEXes, where users enter the number of tokens they want to swap. 1inch, as